Essential components of a tuberculosis prevention and control program: Screening for tuberculosis and tuberculosis infection in high risk populations : recommendations of the Advisory Council for the Elimination of Tuberculosis

Cover title."September 8, 1995"--on cover."The following CDC staff member prepared this report (Essential components of a tuberculosis prevention and control program): Patricia M. Simone, M.D. Division of Tuberculosis Elimination National Center for Prevention Services in collaboration with the Advisory Council for the Elimination of Tuberculosis." - p. vi"The following CDC staff member prepared this report (Screening for tuberculosis and tuberculosis infection in high risk populations): Alan B. Bloch, M.D., M.P.H., Division of Tuberculosis Elimination National Center for Prevention Services in collaboration with the Advisory Council for the Elimination of Tuberculosis." - p. 18Also available via the World Wide Web.Includes bibliographical references

Engineering and administrative recommendations for water fluoridation, 1995

"In April and September 1993, CDC convened two advisory workshops to review and revise fluoridation recommendations. Since 1979, CDC has developed guidelines and/or recommendations for managers of fluoridated public water systems. This report summarizes the results of these two workshops and consolidates and updates CDC's previous recommendations. Implementation of these recommendations should contribute to the achievement of continuous levels of optimally fluoridated drinking water for the U.S. population, minimize potential fluoride overfeeds (i.e., any fluoride level that is greater than the recommended control range of the water system), and contribute to the safe operation of all fluoridated water systems. The report delineates specific recommendations related to the engineering aspects of water fluoridation, including administration, monitoring and surveillance, technical requirements, and safety procedures. The recommendations address water fluoridation for both community public water supply systems and school public water supply systems." - p. 1The following CDC staff member prepared this report: Thomas G. Reeves, Division of Oral Health, National Center for Prevention Services.Includes bibliographical references (p. 22-24).7565542Chronic DiseasePrevention and ControlCurren

Protocol for a systematic review of screening tools for fear of recurrent illness in common life threatening diseases

This is the authors' accepted version of an article published in Systematic Reviews, 2015.A myocardial infarction (MI) (‘heart attack’) can be intensely stressful, and the impact of this event can leave patients with clinically significant post-MI stress symptoms. Untreated stress can make heart disease worse. Few tools are available that screen for specific thoughts or beliefs that can trigger post-MI stress responses. In other life-threatening illnesses, fear of recurrence (FoR) of illness has been identified as a key stressor, and screening tools have been developed to identify this. The aim of this review is to identify FoR screening tools used in other common life-threatening diseases that report on the development of the tool, to assess if there are any that can be adapted for use in MI survivors so that those with high levels of FoR can be identified and helped

A Guide to conducting household surveys for water safety plans

Water Safety Plans are a World Health Organization (WHO) methodology designed to assess and manage risk in drinking water systems. A Water Safety Plan (WSP) aims to identify hazards to drinking water quality that can be introduced at multiple points from the source to the tap. The WSP does not, however, traditionally provide for identifying hazards that could compromise drinking water quality after it reaches the household tap, such as contamination associated with water collection, storage, and treatment practices within the home. A household survey can help researchers to understand the fate of water from the time it reaches the home to the point of consumption. It can provide valuable information about the quality and reliability of water reaching the home and changes to water quality through household storage and treatment. It can also provide information on the prevalence of water-related illnesses, community perceptions and concerns, alternate or supplemental water sources, and customer satisfaction, information that may fall outside the purview of a traditional Water Safety Plan. A household survey contributes to Module 2 (System Assessment) of the Water Safety Plan, upon which the subsequent steps of hazard identification, consideration of control measures, and development of corrective actions, monitoring, and verification plans are based. Thus, the survey provides valuable information for the WSP team as the team goes through the process of system evaluation and implementation of changes resulting from the Water Safety Plan. The aim of this manual is to provide guidance on conducting a household survey as part of a Water Safety Plan for organized piped water supply systems in resource-limited settings. Specific examples intended to guide the planner in designing the survey are provided in the appendices.Introduction -- Before you start -- Time lines -- Budget planning -- Informed consent/human subjects protection -- Determining sample size -- Survey design -- Household selection -- Recruitment and training of the survey team -- Developing the survey questionnaire -- water quality testing of household sources -- Data entry, analysis and reporting -- Alternatives to a household survey -- Appendix A. Section-by-section summary survey planning checklist -- Appendix B. Sample budget estimate for WSP Household Survey -- Appendix C. Sample informed consent for WSP Household Survey -- Appendix D. Method for calculating sample size for a WSP Household Survey -- Appendix E. Sample household (HH) tracking log -- Appendix F. Sample daily household visitation log sheet -- Appendix G. Sample contracts for survey personnel -- Appendix H. Sample WSP Household Survey training program -- Appendix I. Survey instrument for a WSP Household Survey.U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).Available via the World Wide Web as an Acrobat .pdf file (379.12 KB, 52 p.).Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2008. A guide to conducting household surveys for Water Safety Plans. Atlanta: U. S. Department of Health and Human Services

Surveillance for elevated blood lead levels among children -- United States, 1997-2001

PROBLEM/CONDITION: Lead is neurotoxic and particularly harmful to the developing nervous systems of fetuses and young children. Extremely high blood lead levels (BLLs) (i.e.,> or =70 microg/dL) can cause severe neurologic problems (e.g., seizure, coma, and death). However, no threshold has been determined regarding lead's harmful effects on children's learning and behavior. In 1990, the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services established a national goal to eliminate BLLs >25 microg/dL by 2000; a new goal targets elimination of BLLs > or =10 microg/dL in children aged or =10 microg/dL or two capillary blood specimens > or =10 microg/dL drawn within 12 weeks of each other. RESULTS: The NHANES 1999-2000 survey estimated that 434,000 children (95% confidence interval = 189,000-846,000) or 2.2% of children aged 1-5 years had BLLs > or =10 microg/dL. For 2001, a total of 44 states, the District of Columbia (DC), and New York City (NYC) submitted child blood lead surveillance data to CDC. These jurisdictions represent 95% of the U.S. population of children aged or =10 microg/dL steadily decreased from 130,512 in 1997 to 74,887 in 2001. In 2000, the year targeted for national elimination of BLLs >25 microg/dL, a total of 8,723 children had BLLs > or =25 microg/dL. INTERPRETATION: Both national surveys and state surveillance data indicate children's BLLs continue to decline throughout the United States. However, thousands of children continue to be identified with elevated BLLs. The 2000 goal of eliminating BLLs >25 microg/dL was not met. Attaining the 2010 goal of eliminating BLLs > or =10 microg/dL will require intensified efforts to target areas at highest risk, evaluate preventive measures, and improve the quality of surveillance data. PUBLIC HEALTH ACTIONS: States will continue to use surveillance data to 1) promote legislation supporting lead poisoning prevention activities, 2) obtain funding, 3) identify risk groups, 4) target and evaluate prevention activities, and 5) monitor and describe progress toward elimination of BLLs > or =10 microg/dL. CDC will work with state and local programs to improve tracking systems and the collection, timeliness, and quality of surveillance data.Pamela A. Meyer, Timothy Pivetz, Timothy A. Dignam, David M. Homa, Jaime Schoonover, Debra Brody.September 12, 2003.Also available via the World Wide Web as an Acrobat .pdf file (333.29 KB, 24 p.).Includes bibliographical references (p. 7-8)

Lead in drinking water and human blood lead levels in the United States

"Lead is a pervasive environmental contaminant. The adverse health effects of lead exposure in children and adults are well documented, and no safe blood lead threshold in children has been identified. Lead can be ingested from various sources, including lead paint and house dust contaminated by lead paint, as well as soil, drinking water, and food. The concentration of lead, total amount of lead consumed, and duration of lead exposure influence the severity of health effects. Because lead accumulates in the body, all sources of lead should be controlled or eliminated to prevent childhood lead poisoning. Beginning in the 1970s, lead concentrations in air, tap water, food, dust, and soil began to be substantially reduced, resulting in significantly reduced blood lead levels (BLLs) in children throughout the United States. However, children are still being exposed to lead, and many of these children live in housing built before the 1978 ban on lead-based residential paint. These homes might contain lead paint hazards, as well as drinking water service lines made from lead, lead solder, or plumbing materials that contain lead. Adequate corrosion control reduces the leaching of lead plumbing components or solder into drinking water. The majority of public water utilities are in compliance with the Safe Drinking Water Act Lead and Copper Rule (LCR) of 1991. However, some children are still exposed to lead in drinking water. EPA is reviewing LCR, and additional changes to the rule are expected that will further protect public health. Childhood lead poisoning prevention programs should be made aware of the results of local public water system lead monitoring measurement under LCR and consider drinking water as a potential cause of increased BLLs, especially when other sources of lead exposure are not identified. This review describes a selection of peer-reviewed publications on childhood lead poisoning, sources of lead exposure for adults and children, particularly children aged <6 years, and LCR. What is known and unknown about tap water as a source of lead exposure is summarized, and ways that children might be exposed to lead in drinking water are identified. This report does not provide a comprehensive review of the current scientific literature but builds on other comprehensive reviews, including the Toxicological Profile for Lead and the 2005 CDC statement Preventing Lead Poisoning Among Young Children. When investigating cases of children with BLLs at or above the reference value established as the 97.5 percentile of the distribution of BLLs in U.S. children aged 1-5 years, drinking water should be considered as a source. The recent recommendations from the CDC Advisory Committee on Childhood Lead Poisoning Prevention to reduce or eliminate lead sources for children before they are exposed underscore the need to reduce lead concentrations in drinking water as much as possible.." -p. 1Introduction -- Background -- Historical trends in blood lead levels -- Lead in the environments of children -- Lead in drinking water -- Conclusion -- ReferencesMary Jean Brown, Stephen Margolis, Division of Emergency and Environmental Health Services, National Center for Environmental Health."August 10, 2012.."Also available via the World Wide Web as an Acrobat .pdf file (349.49 KB, 12 p.).Includes bibliographical references (p. 7-9)

Keeping your hands clean on a cruise

To stay healthy and clean, wash your hands with warm water and soap.August 2012.CS234329_BAvailable via the World Wide Web as an Acrobat .pdf file (164.78 KB, 1 p.)

A Conceptual framework to evaluate the impacts of water safety plans

Water Safety Plan (WSP) is a preventive management approach used to assess and manage threats to a drinking water system-from catchment to consumer. It helps in the: Management of activities in the watershed to control contamination of source water; Removal or inactivation of contaminants during treatment; Prevention of recontamination during distribution, storage, and handling.Water safety plans -- Water safety plan conceptual framework -- Water safety plan conceptual framework outcomesCS230410-AMarch 2012.Available via the World Wide Web as an Acrobat .pdf file (476.21 KB, 2 p.)

EHS-Net

"The Environmental Health Specialists Network (EHS-Net) is a collaborative forum of environmental health specialists, epidemiologists, and laboratory professionals who work to understand environmental causes of food and waterborne diseases and to improve environmental public health practice. This is accomplished through a variety of research and non-research activities carried out by environmental health specialists from food and water safety environmental health service programs. This collaborative forum of people represent state and local regulatory and non-regulatory environmental health service programs, federal agencies such as the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, U.S. Department of Agriculture, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, and the Centers for Disease Control as well as interested industry groups. EHS-Net research activities include conducting behavorial, environmental, epidemiologic, and laboratory research on environmental factors contributing to food and waterborne disease transmission. EHS-Net research activities started in 2000." - p. [1]"CS216471_I.""March 2010."Available via th World Wide Web as an Acrobat .pdf file (732 KB, 2 p.)